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L LiveWire (Product) LiveWire (Product) Netscape Communications’ server-side JavaScript compiler. This was the original name for JavaScript when used in the server. Now it is simply called Server- Side JavaScript. Sometimes SSJS for short. The LiveWire JavaScript interpreter is used in Netscape Enterprise Server. In this environment you can also compile the JavaScript code which further blurs the distinction between Java and JavaScript. Warnings: . Be careful not to confuse the following: . LiveWire . LiveScript . LiveConnect See also: LiveScript, Server-side JavaScript Local time (Definition) The locale specific time value. Availability: ECMAScript edition 2 Local time is the calendar time for the current locale. Local time and UTC time differ by an amount derived by adding the Local Time Zone Adjustment and the Daylight Savings Time Adjustment together. Adding these to the UTC time gives the local time. Conversion of UTC time (ut)to local time is defined by: LocalTime(t) = ut + LocalTZA + DaylightSavingTA(ut) Conversion from local time (lt)to UTC is defined by: UTC(lt) = lt LocalTZA DaylightSavingTA(lt LocalTZA) The following expression may not always test true: t = UTC(LocalTime(t)) 1353

JavaScript Programmer’s Reference Warnings: . Be careful not to confuse the following: . LiveWire . LiveScript . LiveConnect . In Netscape version 3, a bug in the conversion routines yielded all Java primitives as JavaScript objects instead of JavaScript primitives. This causes a few problems because Number and Boolean objects in JavaScript behave slightly differently to the primitive representations, mostly to do with operator overloading and precedence. Objects will prefer to concatenate as strings rather than add as numbers for example. The valueOf() method will provide a way to work around this. See also: ActiveX, Glue code, Java calling JavaScript, Java method calls, Java method data conversion, Java to JavaScript values, JavaScript to Java values, LiveScript, Plugin events, Plugin.isActive() LiveScript (Product) This was the original name for JavaScript when it was first introduced by Netscape Communications. Maybe LiveScript wouldn’t have caught on and become so popular, but now people routinely confuse it with Java. Even more so now that interpreters for JavaScript are available written in Java and some server-side application tools allow you to write Java code but run it in a script interpreter. That would be Java script not JavaScript. Warnings: . Be careful not to confuse the following: . LiveScript . LiveWire . LiveConnect . LiveWire is the former name for Server-Side Javascript. . LiveConnect is a mechanism for allowing JavaScript to talk to Java in a Netscape browser. See also: JavaScript language, JavaScript version, LiveConnect, LiveWire livescript: URL (Request method) This is a pseudonym for the javascript: URL. See also: URL, javascript:URL 1352

L LiveConnect (Product) LiveConnect (Product) A Netscape Communications technology that provides a means of communicating between plugins and Java applets. In Netscape, communication between scripts and Java applets takes place via the LiveConnect interface. LiveConnect was originally designed for just this purpose. LiveConnect is only implemented in Netscape. However, similar but not identical functionality is available in MSIE via the ActiveX interface. LiveConnect is most effective if you can also understand the internals of Java applets and can program in Java yourself. You can use LiveConnect to gain read and write access to the public fields of an applet and you can also invoke public methods. You can also interact with standard Java system classes that are built into the Netscape browser. If a plugin is Java-enabled, then in Netscape you can interact with that plugin in the same way. From the opposite direction, applets and Java-enabled plugins can invoke JavaScript functions and can read and write JavaScript object properties. The Real Video plugin uses this to great effect as do many other media plugins. LiveConnect is constructed around some built-in objects that encapsulate various Java classes and objects. These are: . JavaObject An encapsulation of an instance of a Java object that belongs to a JavaClass . JavaClass An encapsulation of a Java class for access to static properties and methods . JavaPackage A collection of JavaClassand JavaPackage objects in a tree-like hierarchy With these encapsulations, you can operate on Java objects as if they were JavaScript objects. That is necessary because although you can generally convert between primitive types, the object types are too dissimilar to convert properly. There are some interesting opportunities here for extending the capabilities of your scripts with the facilities offered by Java. However, the downside is that you need to have a VM running. Netscape supports its own internal VM at least up to version 4, but the trend is for browsers to use the OS hosted VM and to not provide any embedded Java execution context. This may provide additional benefits such as sharing Java classes amongst several applications and shortening the start-up time since the VM could be expected to be running already. LiveConnect becomes particularly useful when accessing the java.lang.System class from scripts running in Netscape. In MSIE, you could create a special applet that then gained access to the system class for you. Using this capability to any useful extent starts to impinge on the security model and requires that trusted scripts are used. This is usually enough to deter most people from exploring it more deeply. However, if you can gain that trust, by using signed scripts, you may then be able to access the Java IO facilities and read/write files. Working the other way, LiveConnect provides a way for Java code to execute a string as JavaScript. This is very like an eval() call from the native JavaScript environment. 1351

JavaScript Programmer’s Reference These are objects that can also be manufactured from literals: . Array . Date . Regular expression . Object . Void String literals also include escaped character literals which may also be used in regular expressions. Host environments additionally define others for special purposes depending on the implementation. See also: Boolean literal, Character constant, Constant, Lexical element, Null literal, Numeric literal, Primary expression, String literal, Token Cross-references: ECMA 262 edition 2 section 7.7 ECMA 262 edition 2 section 11.1.3 ECMA 262 edition 3 section 7.8 ECMA 262 edition 3 section 11.1.3 O’Reilly JavaScript Definitive Guide page 30 Little endian (Definition) A bit ordering standard for some CPU models. Increasing bit value 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 See also: byte 1350

L Literal (Definition) The appearance will be similar to that rendered by a ,

 or  tag.  Use of this tag is highly deprecated but it still persists in some legacy content.   See also:  Element object, KBD object, PRE object   Event name JavaScript JScript N IE Opera DOM HTML Notes  onClick 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onDblClick 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onDragStart 3.0  + 4.0  + - onFilterChange 3.0  + 4.0  + - onHelp 3.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onKeyDown 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onKeyPress 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onKeyUp 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onMouseDown 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onMouseMove 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onMouseOut 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onMouseOver 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onMouseUp 3.0  + 4.0  + 4.0  + Warning  onSelectStart 3.0  + 4.0  + - Inheritance chain:   Element object, Node object   Literal (Definition)   Constant values used to initialize or assign a value.   Literals are constant values used in assignments or as arguments to functions or expressions. A  literal is considered to be a primary expression when it is being evaluated.   There are several kinds of literals. They are all based on the primitive types. The ECMA standard  defines four basic data types, which should be sufficient for most purposes; however, a hosted  interpreter may provide other more esoteric primitive values. Here are the four core standard types:   . Null  . Boolean  . Numeric  . String  1349